In 1950, which psychologist developed the concept of basic trust?

• A. Bowlby
• B. Lorenz
• C. Erikson
• D. Darwin

Answer: (C)

The concept being tested is who introduced the idea of basic trust in infancy. Erik Erikson articulated basic trust as the outcome of the first psychosocial stage, trust versus mistrust, in his 1950 work. When a caregiver responds consistently and sensitively to an infant’s needs—feeding, soothing, comforting—the infant learns that the world is reliable and people can be trusted. This foundation shapes a child’s sense of safety and their willingness to explore and engage with others later in life. If care is inconsistent or neglectful, the infant may develop mistrust, carrying forward a tendency to doubt the world and doubt others.

Bowlby is known for attachment theory and the importance of early bonds, Lorenz for imprinting in animals, and Darwin for evolutionary theory. The specific idea of basic trust as the first step in healthy psychosocial development points to Erikson, making Erik Erikson the right choice.